Martin Luther King and Two other Reasons the Human Race...

Human beings are the epitome of contradictory. As a whole we have so many accomplishments to take pride in, yet at the same time we have caused so many tragedies where the means do not justify the ends. Regardless of the fact that we are the utmost confusing race to ever exist, human beings should be spared from the wrath of the aliens because human beings are constantly developing and surely that is something to be proud of. Throughout the genealogy of all human beings, there have been specific human beings who were born and changed the way we have lived – forever. For example, Martin Luther King Jr. The man has a day reserved to him in honor of his social accomplishment. If that does not speak the magnitude of significance about this human accomplishment, then I do not understand what will. Martin Luther King Jr. fought against the socially corrupt principal of racism under a society who severally persecuted anyone who tried to swim against the current of racism. Not only di d he fight racism, he fought it with his piercing words instead of physical weapons. Under all odds a human being changed not only the hearts and minds of the human race, but the social manners that Martin Luther King Jr. believed should be within all humans: everybody in this Earth is equal. His social revamp also created a causal chain. Although overcoming racism carries large importance, Martin Luther King Jr.’s accomplishment resonates to other generations beyond his. Even today we are fightingShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Era1852 Words   |  8 Pagesto prominence during the Civil Rights era. 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If Congress were to make an amendment like president Bush would like themRead MoreResearch on Martin Luther King Jr And The Letter from the Birmingham Jail3397 Words   |  14 PagesResearch on Martin Luther King Jr And The Letter from the Birmingham Jail To me, Martin Luther King, Jr. is not an unfamiliar name. His famous speech I have a dream is partly selected as our English text in China. Although I know he is well known for the strong and affective words, Letter from Birmingham Jail still gave me a very deep impression. It is perfectly organized in a logical and thoughtful arrangement. On the other hand, the words are strong and full of real, impressive emotion. Read MoreBig Impacts On My Childhood1663 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinitely near the top. Whether it was Legolas from Lord of the Rings or Lara Croft in Tomb Raider, I wanted to save the world. Maybe that s why I fell in love with comics early on. 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I overtly claim my Christianity and my relationship with Jesus, and humans often assumeRead MoreBlack Identity And The American Dream1756 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The soul was the body that fed the tobacco, and the spirit was the blood that watered the cotton, and these created the first fruits of the American garden† (Coates 104). In Between the World and Me,† and within this quote alone, Ta-Nehisi Coates argued not only the importance of black identity, but also how and why black identity was so deceivingly shaped in response to the dark history behind it. Through Coates’ recollections and fair warnings to his son, the relationship between black identityRead MoreEssay on Religion, Sexuality, and Identity in the New South4221 Words   |  17 Pageswhich the congregation is a variety of people similar to those, waiting for fried chicken at O ur Way Cafà ©. Oakhurst Baptist Church maintains a covenant which prohibits withholding church office or congregation participation based on â€Å"possessions, race, age, gender, sexual orientation, or mental and physical ability† (White â€Å"Baptists Group to Church†). Although this liberal and accepting attitude of Oakhurst Baptist Church reflects Atlanta’s progressivism, it causes controversy with those attemptingRead MoreThe Black Civil Rights Movement2150 Words   |  9 PagesParks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. These civil and human rights activists inspired millions of Americans to join in the cause for justice and equality for all through their many unique styles. Malcolm X was one prominent civil rights activist known for his fiery demeanor and controversial beliefs. The underlining aspect in Malcolm’s life was that he adamantly believed in was the importance to the devotion of Islam. Through the religion Islam Malcolm X identified himself as a human being

Hurricane Sandy And Its Effects On The Climate Change

Hurricanes in movies, such as The Day After Tomorrow, are city destroying monsters that make nightmares come true. While this may be an extreme exaggeration of superstorms, New York has suffered from the destructive force of said superstorms. Three years ago, Hurricane Sandy swept into New York leaving only devastation in its wake. Sandy, while not nearly as devastating as some hurricanes, was the biggest seen since hurricane Katrina hit in 2005. Whilst Sandy is still called a hurricane, it is actually an extra-tropical storm, which unlike hurricanes are caused by temperature contrasts in the atmosphere. These temperature contrasts are being made more extreme from the climate change and has been effecting our raising sea level. The destruction caused by Sandy has made New York come up with better ways of handling natural disasters. Climate change has begun to have an affect on our super-storms and because of that, new solutions need to be made in order to prevent devastation s from e xtra-tropical storms like Hurricane Sandy. For many years now, scientists have believed that our climate is changing. This climate change has caused water currents up north, near Antarctica to shift leading to warm waters taking the place of the usual cold arctic waters. Warm water melts the glaciers and causes the top of the glaciers to float off into the sea, allowing the warm water to melt even more glaciers. The extra glacier melting into our sea has caused the sea levels to raise and theShow MoreRelatedDescription of superstorm sandy â€Å"Superstorm Sandy† is the unofficial name for Hurricane Sandy, the800 Words   |  4 PagesDescription of superstorm sandy â€Å"Superstorm Sandy† is the unofficial name for Hurricane Sandy, the deadliest and the most destructive hurricane of the 2012 hurricane season. It was a category three when it was at its peak. It was also the 18th storm named and the second major hurricane in the year 2012. While the hurricane was at its category two, it hit the Northeastern United States and was the largest Atlantic hurricane ever in terms of diameter with winds spanning 11,000 miles. The overall damageRead MoreClimate Change1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe cause of changes to the world’s climate and are promoting dramatic swings in the weather, such as, more floods, hurricanes, droughts, hurricanes, and heat waves. Rising sea levels are anticipated to worsen storm flooding in low-lying coastal areas, and permanently engulf some parts. Receding shorelines and accelerating erosion will endanger coastal homes and businesses. Introduction Climate change is an alteration in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for anRead MoreHurricane Season : New York City1234 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Hurricanes are destructive forces which threaten New York City annually. One neighborhood that faced massive damage from hurricanes (such as Katrina and Sandy) is the Bowery. Even to this day, the Bowery is still disheveled. There is trash on the streets, people are sleeping on the sidewalk, and rain pools in the streets and the subway. These factors slowed Bowery’s recovery rate from natural disasters. Financial devastation and maintenance issues, combined with the damage of heavyRead MoreAdaptive Capacity Of Coastal Cities3225 Words   |  13 Pagesthe Aftermath of Hurricane Sandy: The Role of Government Policy (NOAA) Introduction: The role of government and its response to during Hurricane Sandy in October of 2012 remains a controversial affair to this day. 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This has been going on for quite some time yet, not taken seriously. Our planet has been much warmer in the past 2 centuries then ever before and scientist are working frantically to reduce this trend, During winter, we expect low temperatures, longer nights and snow and in the contrary, during summer we expect shorter nights and higher temperatures. As the world expands, everything else changes within it especially our seasonRead MoreHalloween Of 2012 : A Storm Sandy1444 Words   |  6 Pagesof 2012 was the scariest of all because it brought a real threat, a raging storm that would impact and hurt the lives of so many named Super Storm Sandy. No one believed the storm would be as bad as it was, after all, growing up in a beach town when someone says hurricane you think of light rain and maybe some wind. But this time it was different, Sandy was a perfect storm, all arrows pointed to destruction and that is exactly what happened. During this storm many people were critically  injured, manyRead MoreHalloween Is The Scariest Of All1435 Words   |  6 Pages2012 was the scariest of all because it brought a real threat, a raging storm that would impact and hurt the lives of so many named Superstorm Sandy. No one believed the storm would be as atrocious as it was, after all, growing up near the shore when someone says hurricane you think of light rain and maybe some wind. This time it was different, Sandy was a perfect storm, all arrows pointed to destruction and that is exactly what happened. During this storm many people were critically injuredRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The North Atlantic Region Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction Climate change has progressively become more problematic for coastal societies in recent history as a result of elevated greenhouse gas emission levels across the planet. Increases in sea level and sea surface temperature, as well as atmospheric pressure accretion, are unnatural effects directly linked to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) release into the atmosphere. Some of the sources of these increases have come from the greater use of coal and gasoline for industrialRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Global Warming And Climate Change878 Words   |  4 Pageseffecting mankind. Everything from racism, to world poverty, and even radicalize terrorism just to name a few. But outside of the scientific world, many of us fail to understand the long-term effects that global warming and climate change could have on us throughout the world. After observing the 2015 Paris Climate Conference, I truly did not take into account personally, how important this whole concept is. But after taking this class and researching further and further into the topic, I now understand

Macroeconomics - Managing Public Debt free essay sample

Managing Public Debt There are three ways to manage public debt. These budget philosophies are the Annually Balanced Budget, Cyclically Balanced Budget and Functional Finance. Each policy has its advantages and disadvantages which attempt to achieve a deficit during recession and move towards a surplus during inflation, which is the essence of counter cyclical fiscal policy. Based on a traditional orthodox view, the Annually Balanced Budget sees the government control its budget on a yearly basis, which is considered an advantage. Balancing the budget on a yearly basis encounters many disadvantages including intensifying the business cycle and inflation. When the economy enters a period of rising unemployment, incomes will fall and tax receipts will diminish. For the government to balance its budget it must either increase tax rates or reduce government expenditure or provide a combination of the two. However the contractionary nature of the two means that instead of stimulating, aggregate expenditure will continue to decrease. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics Managing Public Debt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When inflation is escalating, money incomes rise and so does tax collections. The government will either increase government expenditure or decrease tax rates to avoid a surplus or provide a combination of the two. The Annually Balanced Budget can be seen as pro cyclical instead of counter cyclical, increasing the business cycle and inflation, placing pressure on the economy. It can be seen as not the best option for creating a healthy economy. The Cyclically Balanced Budget sees the government balancing the budget over the course of the business cycle, whilst exerting a counter cyclical influence. The advantages of this policy include offsetting a depression; the government should lower taxes and increase spending to incur a deficit. Also within an inflationary period taxes should be raised, government spending cut to counteract the deficit gained during the recession. The disadvantages associated with the Cyclical Balanced Budget see the goal of stabilisation conflicting with balancing the budget over the cycle because the upswings and downswings of the business cycle may not be of equal magnitude and duration. Additionally the periods of depression may be long and severe resulting in a large deficit which followed by a short â€Å"boom† period would result in little to no surplus, causing a cyclical deficit in the budget. Although the Cyclically Balanced Budget can be seen as a simple option, managing the economy with this policy would prove to be difficult because it’s difficult to predict recessions and boom periods and their length. The third and unorthodox philosophy Functional Finance sees the primary purpose of the government is the stabilisation of the economy, not balancing the budget. The budget is referred to as an instrument for â€Å"achieving and maintaining macroeconomic stability†. The advantages of this option take into account the minor consequences of deficits and surpluses when compared to the alternatives of recession or inflation. The disadvantage of Functional Finance is the concern surrounding the large and growing public debt. Large debt can crowd out investment, which will therefore cause an increase in income disparity. The approach that would be best used in today’s modern economy would an integration of the philosophies of Functional Finance and Cyclically Balanced Budget. Functional Finance sees stabilising of the economy its main focus rather than balancing the budget where as the Cyclically Balanced Budget is a public budget policy which concentrates on the management of the budget over the business cycle. By amending both the philosophies to avoid any disparities, and therefore creating a fourth philosophy this would best suit an economic situation similar to Australia. Bibliography: * Textbook: Jackson Mclver ‘Macroeconomics Edition 8’ McGraw – Hill Pty Ltd 2007 . * Websites: * www. australianbudget. com/report * www. economist. com. info * www. 1800australia. com

The Bust of Queen Nefertiti Essay Example

The Bust of Queen Nefertiti Essay In approximately 1340B.C., Thutmose, sculptor by profession, left some his most memorable art works of art in his workshop in Egyptian city of Akhetaten. Of the various art pieces, the most beautiful and world known is the bust of Nifertiti whose aesthetic values withstood the test of time and can now be eye-witnessed by anyone today who visits Egyptian Museum in Berlin, Germany. Nefertiti-whose name means the beautiful one has come- was the favorite wife of pharaoh Akhenaten IV of the Eighteenth Dynasty, the revolutionary founder of new faith into single god Aten, and the progenitor of a new art style called Amarna. Even though, we have a number of artifacts from that period, all the records show about Nephrite is that some years after her becoming the Queen of Egypt and giving birth to her daughters Nephrite mysteriously disappeared; moreover, very little evidence suggest that she actually died inflaming the numerous inquisitive minds. It has been suggested that Nefertiti and Akhen aten were related. Their facial features are remarkably similar in many ofthe art works depicting both of them which had been done during the earlier years of their marriage.Again, maybe it is the artist to blame for this bold assumption. The freestanding bust was created during the Amarna period; however, it escaped the almost abstract excess of many other artifacts that forever will stay in its shadow. Considering its beauty, it is fascinating that the bust was found in a workshop at and not on display somewhere in a royal palace. Perhaps the work was never finished due to the evidence of missing details in the left eyeball (its simply left white). Luckily, this flaw doesnt take away much from the overall presentation of the sculpture; the delicate lines and vibrant colors, which enhance its lifelike quality. It is hard to resist the urge to touch yellow-brown stone surface of her smooth skin, which is probably the finest example of

Kurds - A People Without A State Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Kurds - A People Without A State Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Kurds - A People Without a State Introduction Of all the ethnic groups in the world, the Kurds are one of the largest that has no state to call their own. According to historian William Westermann, "The Kurds can present a better claim to race purity...than any people which now inhabits Europe." (Bonner, p. 63, 1992) Over the past hundred years, the desire for an independent Kurdish state has created conflicts mainly with the Turkish and Iraqi populations in the areas where most of the Kurds live. This conflict has important geographical implications as well. The history of the Kurdish nation, the causes for these conflicts, and an analysis of the situation will be discussed in this paper. History of the Kurds The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The 25 million Kurds have a distinct culture that is not at all like their Turkish, Persian, and Arabic neighbors (Hitchens, p. 36, 1992). It is this cultural difference between the groups that automatically creates the potential for conflict. Of the 25 million Kurds, approximately 10 million live in Turkey, four million in Iraq, five million in Iran, and a million in Syria, with the rest scattered throughout the rest of the world (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). The Kurds also have had a long history of conflict with these other ethnic groups in the Middle East, which we will now look at. The history of Kurds in the area actually began during ancient times. However, the desire for a Kurdish homeland did not begin until the early 1900?s, around the time of World War I. In his Fourteen Points, President Woodrow Wilson promised the Kurds a sovereign state (Hitchens, p. 54, 1992). The formation of a Kurdish state was supposed to have been accomplished through the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 which said that the Kurds could have an independent state if they wanted one (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). With the formation of Turkey in 1923, Kemal Ataturk, the new Turkish President, threw out the treaty and denied the Kurds their own state. This was the beginning of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. At about this same time, the Kurds attempted to establish a semi-independent state, and actually succeeded in forming the Kingdom of Kurdiez, which lasted from 1922-1924; later, in 1946, some of the Kurds established the Mahabad Republic, which lasted for only one year (Prince, p. 17, 1993). In 1924, Turkey even passed a law banning the use of the Kurdish language in public places. Another group of people to consider is the Kurds living in Iraq. Major conflict between the Kurds and Iraqis did not really begin until 1961, when a war broke out that lasted until 1970. Around this time, Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq. In 1975, Hussein adopted a policy of eradicating the Kurds from his country. Over the next fifteen years, the Iraqi army bombed Kurdish villages, and poisoned the Kurds with cyanide and mustard gas (Hitchens, p. 46, 1992). It is estimated that during the 1980?s, Iraqis destroyed some 5000 Kurdish villages (Prince, p. 22, 1993). From this point, we move into the recent history and current state of these conflicts between the Kurds and the Turks, and the Kurds against the Iraqis. Causes for Conflict The reasons for these conflicts have great relevance to geography. The areas of geography relating to these specific conflicts are a historical claim to territory on the part of the Kurds, cultural geography, economic geography, and political geography. These four areas of geography can best explain the reasons for these Kurdish conflicts. First, the Kurds have a valid historical claim to territory. They have lived in the area for over 2000 years. For this reason, they desire the establishment of a Kurdish homeland. Iraqis and Turks, while living in the area for a long period of time, cannot make a historical claim to that same area. The conflict arises, however, because the area happens to lie within the borders of Iraq and Turkey. Even though the Kurds claim is valid, the Turks and Iraqis have chosen to ignore it and have tried to wipe out the Kurds. Second, and probably most important, is that this conflict involves cultural geography. The Kurds are ethnically and culturally

Discover the Windward and Leeward Islands

Discover the Windward and Leeward Islands The Windward Islands, the Leeward Islands, and the Leeward Antilles are part of the  Lesser Antilles  in the Caribbean Sea. These island groups include many of the most popular tourist destinations in the West Indies. This collection of islands is diverse in terrain and culture. Most are very small and the tiniest islands remain uninhabited. Among the major islands in this area, a number of them are independent countries while in some instances two islands may be governed as a single country. Quite a few remain as territories of larger countries like the United States, United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands. What Are the Windward Islands? The Windward Islands include the  southeastern islands of the Caribbean.  Theyre called the Windward Islands because they are exposed to the wind (windward) of the northeast trade winds (the northeasterlies) from the Atlantic Ocean. Within the Windward Islands is a chain that includes many of the smaller islands in this group. This is often called the Windward Chain and here they are listed from north to south. Dominica: The northernmost island,  the British government  held this territory until 1978 and considered it part of the Leeward Islands. It is now an independent country and most often thought to be in the Windward Islands.Martinique  (France)Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and  The GrenadinesGrenada  Ã‚   Just a little farther to the east are the following islands. Barbados is more to the north, nearer  St. Lucia, while Trinidad and Tobago are to the south near the coast of Venezuela. BarbadosTrinidad and Tobago What Are the Leeward Islands? Between the islands of the Greater Antilles and those of the Windward Islands are the Leeward Islands. Mostly small islands, they are called the Leeward Islands because they are away from the wind (lee). The Virgin Islands Just off the coast of Puerto Rico are the Virgin Islands and this is the northernmost part of the Leeward Islands. The  northern set of islands are territories of the United Kingdom and the southern set are territories of the United States. Outside of the Bahamas and Jamaica, the Virgin Islands are among the most popular tourist destinations in the Caribbean.St. Croix is the largest of the Virgin Islands.Though considered part of the Lesser Antilles, from a purely geological standpoint, the Virgin Islands are actually part of the Greater Antilles. British Virgin Islands There are over 50 small islands in the British Virgin Islands territory, though only 15 are inhabited. The following are the largest islands. TortolaVirgin Gorda  AnegadaJost Van Dyke U.S. Virgin Islands Also made up of around 50 small islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands are a small unincorporated territory. These are the largest islands listed by size. St. CroixSt. ThomasSt. John   More Islands of the Leeward Islands As you might expect, there are many tiny islands in this area of the Caribbean and only the largest are inhabited.  Working south from the Virgin Islands, here are the rest of the Leeward Islands, many of which are territories of larger countries. Anguilla  (U.K.)Saint Maarten - the Netherlands controls the southern third of the island. The northern two-thirds are controlled by France and called  Saint Martin.Saint-Barthà ©lemy  (France)Saba  (the Netherlands)Sint Eustatius  (the Netherlands - in English Saint Eustatius)Saint Kitts and  NevisAntigua and Barbuda (Redonda  is an uninhabited dependent island.)Montserrat  (U.K.)Guadeloupe  (France) What Are the Leeward Antilles? To the west of the Windward Islands is a stretch of islands known as the Leeward Antilles. These are farther apart from each other than the islands of the other two groups. It  includes more of the  popular destination Caribbean islands and runs along the Venezuelan coast. From west to east, the major  islands of the Leeward Antilles include the following and, collectively, the first three are known as the ABC islands. Aruba (Netherlands)Curaà §ao  (Netherlands)Bonaire  (Netherlands)Isla de Margarita (Venezuela) Venezuela has a number of other islands within the Leeward Antilles. Many, like the Isla de Tortuga, are uninhabited.

My Idea of Country Developement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Idea of Country Developement - Essay Example Handleman (10) explains that there is a close interrelationship between the social, political, economic indicators and economic dweveloepmnt. Developed countries have more democratic governments with higher literacy rates and higher life expectancy. On the contrary, Isbista (3) argues that under developed countries or the third world countries have their population insecure, poorly clothed, sick, and vulnerable to an early death in addition of having a low life expectancy. Largely, these are the indicators that differentiate developments. The quality of life in general is the best measure of development and as Handleman (24) further explains, observation of human rights is among the strong indicators that explain differences in levels of development among countries. There might be some slight variations in this taking the example of China. Though the country is considered as a highly developing country, some issues such as observance of human rights remain questionable. However, chin a’s development picked exponentially with separation of the state and society to a more free market, where market driven economy was more favorable. This was meant to increase the GDP for the country, which is instrumental in development. To reduce poverty in third world countries people go to more economic viable towns in search of employment to benefit economically (Isbista, 2). This leads to increased social crisis, where provision of amenities becomes hard to achieve. Isbista (31) further notes that the developed countries have over the time helped in establishing institutions of democracies in third world countries through provision of stimulants to social amenities or advocating for better governance. The process of rural- urban migration intensifies social amenities crisis in urban areas and this increase more poverty and crime. On the contrary mid level cities such as Beijing and Shanghai are more dynamic as since they represent the epitome of economic hub in China. W ith consistency in production activities, wealth is created in these towns, and wealth creation triggers more industrial and domestic platforms to develop in these hubs. Increased growth in domestic and industrial facilities increase wage levels of the population, and increased wage levels mean that people have to invest the extra income obtained. Isbista (24) explains that this increases the social amenities in these areas. Democracy is not therefore measured in governance only but in social amenities provision. Development brings about improved in social indicators with the government social policy helping in determining the share of the social policy. Development can be measured in the amount of resources being targeted at the social care sector compared to the per capital income (Handleman, 6). The per capita income in China was among the lowest in the world. 30 years later, China in 2008 became the third largest economy globally. The per capita income is important in defining t he ability of an economy to transform social indicators through employment, higher incomes, literacy, health care

Why are the Arabic language and calligraphy important in Islamic Essay

Why are the Arabic language and calligraphy important in Islamic civilization - Essay Example Nymikail further explains that a lively and growing language possesses features and characteristics that prove it to be flexible and dynamic, as well as sufficient with the present era’s needs. The remarkable as well as outright feature of a lively and growing language is the Calligraphy. A growing language uses calligraphy in recording the heritage and culture of the people dwelling within a given context, and in a given era. Peoples’ variable challenges as well as their long-lasting memories regarding their future are maintained. Arabic calligraphy can be described as a genuine Arab and Islamic art. It is the leading significant artifact of the legacy of Arabs, the pot within which all Arabic cultures, from earlier generations merge to realize a reliable and eternal heritage.   Forms of Arabic calligraphy differ since this calligraphy has traversed the terminal of the process of writing; therefore, loses an eternal potential regarding design and styles. Additionally, emerging amongst the outstanding characteristics of Islamic arts, composting the common factor for all Islam and Arabic arts, it can either be that they assumed shapes of mobile antiques or fixed buildings. The attribute was, also, featured in decorating mosques and in photographing; not a single Arab monument lacking Arabic calligraphy. Notably, there became a variance between the art of writing and the process of writing. The difference is evidenced, with the first variance being in the manner in which ideas are conveyed. The second variance regards the medium used in expressing emotions, sentiments and feelings. However, it is worth appreciating that the development of the Arabic calligraphy was has taken ages to emerge spiritual engineering through a writing tool as the appropriate means. It is irrefutable that calligraphy has a constant and fundamental role in human history, as it

Herd Behavior in Financial Market Essay Example for Free

Herd Behavior in Financial Market Essay Definition of herding On Friday 14 September 2007, when Northern Rock in the UK opened it branches, many customers wanted to withdraw their savings and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 billion, about 5% of the total bank deposits were withdrawn that day. And on Monday 17 September, a similar situation happened in front of Northern Rock branches in the UK. Even though every customer does not have the same amount of information, they all decided to behave in the same way and some were following the others on the following days without any clear plan. People thought that they were going to lose their bank deposits and that type of bank customers behavior caused liquidity problem and made the situation even worse. However, none of the clients who kept their deposits lost due to the fact the British Government and the Bank of England would guarantee the safety of the deposits. How can we explain that kind of behavior? Originally Herding is a term meaning animal flocking behavior. And according to the definition of Wikipedia Herding is the act of bringing individual animals together into a group (herd), maintaining the group and moving the group from place to place-or any combination of those. Apart from this bank run case, Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction. POSSIBLE EXPLICATION AND MECHANISM OF HERD BEHAVIOR Animals Herd Behavior According to evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamiltons theory animals are forming a group to reduce the danger of being hunted by predictors. As a unit, they are moving together to the same direction. Animals are behaving in the same way to minimize the risk on the behalf of self-protection. Maybe this kind of behavior sounds rational if the result is always optimistic but copying your neighbor can be the worst decision sometimes. When something goes wrong and someone leads the group to the wrong direction, the whole group is going to be in danger. Human Herd Behavior However, human herd behavior is much more complicated than animals one and several scholars tried to explain it. Friedrich Nietzsche referred it as herd morality and the herd instinct which explain the phenomena when a lot of people are behaving in the same way at the same time. And according to Thorstein Veblens theory, some people imitate the other people with higher status. Human beings are continuously competing with others in order to survive or surpass others, and they try to move faster in order to take advantage of the others. As the proverbs says the early bird catches the worm, they think the faster they make the decision or do whatever they can, the better it is. However, this does not always lead to success. Those decisions are based on the sources they have and the sources are Sanctions upon deviants dictators put their rivals in the prison (opposition is not allowed) Preference interactions some people are wearing Burberry coats just because the majority is wearing it while others prefer to wear coats with the colors they like Direct communication someone from your reference group or someone with credibility says that s/he likes certain products Observational influence you observe the consequences of others actions Based on such sources, people make decision whether to herd or disperse, but people are herding for different reasons and their behavior is classified into several models. Herding Models Payoff Externalities Models (also called Network Externalities) If more people are using facebook, it will attract more people to use facebook. In this case, people feel like they have to participate in the same situation so that they can have the same benefits. Information Cascade Models When you have a flood of information coming in, it is much more difficult to make a rational decision. Nowadays there are too many sources to consider and you can barely judge if information is true or false. In this kind of situation, people are getting irrational and they tend to make decision based on the decision of the majorities, and this situation is called information cascade which occurs when people observe the actions of others and then make the same choice that the others have made, independently of their own private information signals. They are seen in groups under immediate stress from external forces, such as herd behaviour. A cascade arises naturally when people usually see what others do but not what they know. Because it is usually sensible to do what other people are doing, even this can be against what the individual believes to be true. This behavior is independent from their own private information or opinion. Concept of information cascade is based on observational and social learning. People learn from their environment. Generally, people are oriented to avoid negative consequences of their decisions or behaviors. They wish to have positive results or effects. Thats why their behavior is related to social and observational learning. People subconsciously have the idea of It is more likely that I am wrong than that all those other people are wrong. Therefore, I will do as they do. Examples of Herding Behavior Bank runs: depositors running on banks when they observe other depositors doing so. More specifically, First; investors can observe in long run when others are running on banks. Second, forcing long-term projects to liquidate early possibly leads to shortfall of funds. From the payoff externalities models view, people are withdrawing their deposits because they feel like they are losing their money if they keep their money on the bank account. And from informational cascade models view, some people may think they are not going to lose their money on their bank account but they are following the others because they think they are not wise enough and others are withdrawing their money. In real case, Argentina experienced such a run in the last two days of November 2001, with total deposits in the banking system falling by more than 2 billion (US) dollars, or nearly 3 percent, on the second day of the run alone.1 Such runs were a common occurrence in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and have also occurred in recent times in several developing countries, including Brazil in 1990 and Ecuador in 1999. Asian crisis of 97-98, herding and speculation infection The Asian crisis of 1997-98 that led to a regional economic fall in East Asia can be traced to overexpansion and under-regulation. The center of the Asian crisis was Thailands careless macroeconomic management that featured a fraudulent financial sector. The Asian expansion of the crisis was a due to the existing global financial integration (and similar export dependencies), current account inequities and attached exchange rates all mixed with the damaging effect of speculation and herding spreading all over the region. Resulting structural reforms and adjustments in Thailand and other damaged Asian nations came from the International Monetary Fund. A major result was a balanced exchange rate regime now prevalent in much of East Asia. Facts: During 1995 a number of experts started to wonder if the countries of Southeast Asia might be vulnerable to a macroeconomic crisis do to the poor administration of its financial procedures and to the volatility of their related economies. The main indicator was the rise of very large current account deficits among several Asian countries. Closer examination also revealed that several of the countries had developed some financial weaknesses: heavy investment in highly speculative real estate ventures, financed by borrowing from badly informed foreign sources or by credit from non regulated domestic financial institutions. Its now known that during 1996 officials from the IMF and World Bank actually began warning the governments of Thailand, Malaysia, and other countries of the existing risks by their financial situation, and asked them to apply corrective policies. However, those governments rejected the warnings. On July 2 1997, after months of declaring that it would not happen, the government of Thailand abandoned its efforts to maintain a fixed exchange rate for its currency, the baht. The currency was quickly depreciated by more than 20 percent so within a few days most neighboring countries fell like Thailand. What forced Thailand to devalue its currency was the massive speculation against the baht, assumptions that over a few months had consumed most of what initially seemed as a large war of foreign exchange. And why were speculators betting against Thailand? Because they expected the baht to be devalued, of course. This kind of circular logic in which investors escape a currency because they expect it to be devalued, and much of the pressure on the currency comes precisely because of this investor shortage of confidence is the defining actor of a currency crisis and is known as Bank Run theory. In the context of a currency crisis, such behavior could mean that a wave of selling, whatever its initial cause, could be magnified through complete imitation and turn, into a rush out of the currency. Bank run in Thai currency devaluation can be viewed in two main behaviors. First; investors run when other investors are running the bank; a magnified opinion of a certain group starts to be spread in some others by just herding or imitation. Second, when banks that were investing in long-term projects were forced to liquidate early (because of the invertors running away), there was a potential lost of funds. Consequently, the last depositors to withdraw were left empty-handed (first-come, first-served limitation). BUBBLES Bubbles are sort of mass errors caused by the nature of herd. Even though there is a convincing evidence of bubbles, people are still overly convinced by their belief that market is efficient and rational. Therefore people are optimistic of their investment and they take part in the bubble. Some people may doubt the situation and find some evidence of bubbles but they still invest their capital in the market because others are doing it which is a sort of informational cascade. However, the bubble collapses and that sort of herding behavior makes the impact of the collapse much significant. The Dot-com Bubble The dot-com bubble (also referred to as the Internet bubble) was a speculative which had its climax on March 10, 2000, with the NASDAQ hitting up to 5132.52 but closing at 5048.62 in the same day. During the dot-com bubble period mostly the developed countries experienced the growth in the Internet sector and related fields. Companies such as Cisco Systems, Dell, Intel, and Microsoft were the dominant player of NASDAQ. And related to the Internet business a group of new Internet-based companies commonly referred to as dot-coms were founded. Just because of the fact that Companies had a name with an e- prefix to their name and a .com the stock price was going up. Investors were overly confident of their future profits due to the advancement of technology and individual speculation while they overlooked traditional stock market value until the bubble was collapsed. Conclusion As we can see massive herding behavior turned out to be a cause of crisis at the end, and herd behavior is seen as something very negative to the market. As we have seen bank runs, bubbles, and several forms of crises. However, we cannot prevent from herding because it is a sort of instinct and it is closely related to psychological factors. Partially, individuals can make profit of their herding behavior as they are following famous investors such as Warren Buffet but the fact is that no investor can really avoid bubbles and forecast the coming crises. What we have to remember is the financial market is a complex of rational and irrational behavior and we can barely categorize them before the disaster happens. We have to be prepared of the consequence the herd behavior and be rational when the irrationality happens. Works Cited BIKHCHANDANI, S., 1998, Learning from the behavior of others: conformity, fads, and informational cascades BIKHCHANDANI, S., D. HIRSHLEIFER and I. WELCH, 2001. Informational Cascades and Rational Herding: An Annotated Devenow, Andrea and Ivo Welch, 1996, Rational Herding in Financial Economics, European Economic Review 40, 603-615 Ennis, Huberto M. and Todd Keister, 2009, Bank Runs and Institutions: The Perils of Intervention. Hirshleifer, David and Teoh, Siew Hong, 2011, Herd Behavior and Cascading in Capital Markets: A Review and Synthesis, MPRA Paper No. 5186

I have been asked to investigate factors that affect the depreciation :: Economics

I have been asked to investigate factors that affect the depreciation of cars. I have been asked to investigate factors that affect the depreciation of cars. To do this I would ideally like to collect my own data about used cars. This would be called primary data. I would have collected data on the make, model, mileage, engine size, age, price and price when new of several hundred used cars. Unfortunately this would have taken a lot of time, but the advantage would have been that it would have been reliable data which I could trust, and I could have found out exactly the information that I wanted. It would have been impossible for me to do such a large survey, however, so I had to use secondary data that I got from the CCEA website. The advantage of this was that it was quick, cheap and easy, but I can't be sure of the accuracy of these results and I don't know if any bias was involved when it was being collected. I have also found that many of the results are incomplete. From the very start, I am sure that two of these results are wrong - a Renault Laguna which costs  £50,000, and a Renault Clio that increases in value. I have deleted these results straight away. Hypothesis 1 My first hypothesis is that cars depreciate more as they get older. I used the spreadsheet on the computer to test this hypothesis, but first I had to get the age and percentage depreciation for each car, neither of which are recorded in the table. Firstly, to get the age of the cars, I subtracted the year in which they were made from 2002, the year when the data was collected. I first created a new column on the spreadsheet and called it age. Then I typed into the first box under the title the formula for age- =2002-F2 where F2 is the column for the year the car was made. This filled the box with the age of the car. I then highlighted the box, right clicked and selected copy, before highlighting all the boxes below and selecting paste special, formula. This filled in the ages for all of the cars. Next, to get the percentage depreciation, I made another column and filled it with a more complicated formula- =(I2-H2)/I2*100 where I2 is the price when new and H2 is the price now. This filled the first box in the percentage depreciation column with the appropriate value, and I copied the formula into the other boxes as before. I then highlighted these two columns and copied them into chart 2. I have been asked to investigate factors that affect the depreciation :: Economics I have been asked to investigate factors that affect the depreciation of cars. I have been asked to investigate factors that affect the depreciation of cars. To do this I would ideally like to collect my own data about used cars. This would be called primary data. I would have collected data on the make, model, mileage, engine size, age, price and price when new of several hundred used cars. Unfortunately this would have taken a lot of time, but the advantage would have been that it would have been reliable data which I could trust, and I could have found out exactly the information that I wanted. It would have been impossible for me to do such a large survey, however, so I had to use secondary data that I got from the CCEA website. The advantage of this was that it was quick, cheap and easy, but I can't be sure of the accuracy of these results and I don't know if any bias was involved when it was being collected. I have also found that many of the results are incomplete. From the very start, I am sure that two of these results are wrong - a Renault Laguna which costs  £50,000, and a Renault Clio that increases in value. I have deleted these results straight away. Hypothesis 1 My first hypothesis is that cars depreciate more as they get older. I used the spreadsheet on the computer to test this hypothesis, but first I had to get the age and percentage depreciation for each car, neither of which are recorded in the table. Firstly, to get the age of the cars, I subtracted the year in which they were made from 2002, the year when the data was collected. I first created a new column on the spreadsheet and called it age. Then I typed into the first box under the title the formula for age- =2002-F2 where F2 is the column for the year the car was made. This filled the box with the age of the car. I then highlighted the box, right clicked and selected copy, before highlighting all the boxes below and selecting paste special, formula. This filled in the ages for all of the cars. Next, to get the percentage depreciation, I made another column and filled it with a more complicated formula- =(I2-H2)/I2*100 where I2 is the price when new and H2 is the price now. This filled the first box in the percentage depreciation column with the appropriate value, and I copied the formula into the other boxes as before. I then highlighted these two columns and copied them into chart 2.

On the Idle Hill, The Drum and Drummer Hodge Essay

Poets often write poems to express their ideas, opinions, emotions and experiences of life. Choose three poems you have studied to show how writers have been influenced by the events of war. War, in any shape or form, affects people in many different ways. Many people choose to express their feelings and experiences of war in poems. The three poems I have chosen all have different moods, structures and rhythms but their meanings are all the same – war is ruthless terrifying and pointless. The poem ‘On the Idle Hill’ is by A.E. Housman. Housman wrote the poem in 1896 and he was not writing about any particular war but just the horror of battle in general. Housman never partook in any war but heard about the terror of it from other people’s experiences. The first stanza portrays a peaceful, happy, warm scene. Words such as ‘summer’, ‘sleepy’ and ‘streams’ emphasise this. However, the ‘steady drummer’ cuts through this peaceful atmosphere. It is the sound of the army coming, looking for new recruits to go to war with them. The first stanza seems to be about the drum and how it calls people to war and tears them away from their homes. The line; ‘Drumming like a noise in dreams.’ makes the drum seem like a nightmare, something everyone dreads. In the second stanza, the tone is a lot sadder and darker. The phrases, ‘Far and near’ and ‘low and louder’ are suggesting that war is everywhere, and can be seen in different levels all over the world. Probably one of the most striking and powerful lines in the poem, ‘Dear to friends and food for powder’ is very shocking and adds a more personal theme to the poem, because the soldiers are now being seen as friends, fathers and real people instead of just toys in war. The ‘powder’ is gunpowder so the poet is hinting at the fact that the men are just food for the war. The war is made to sound like a real living thing; this is a good example of personification. The final line of stanza two, ‘Soldiers marching, all to die.’ is depressing and it emphasises the pointlessness and horror of war. Stanza three maintains the sad, depressing tone. There is more powerful and graphic imagery such as, ‘bleach the bones’, which is very sinister and shocking, and, ‘of comrades slain’. ‘Slain’ does not just mean killed, it means murdered and it outlines the brutality of war. Another graphic phrase is, ‘Lovely lads and dead and rotten’. These are contrasting images, and the writer is trying to put the idea across that innocent, good people can be killed in war for no reason. The final line of the stanza, ‘None that go return again.’ sums up A.E. Housman’s view on war – that it is just something which takes the lives of anyone who fights in it and has no point whatsoever. The rhyme in ‘On the Idle Hill’ is ‘abab’ and it keeps a slow, steady rhythm throughout the poem, giving a sad, melancholy tone to the poem. The form in which the writer has set out the poem, in four stanzas, is effective because each one talks about a different aspect of war. This poem shows A.E. Housman’s hatred of battle and how pointless and ruthless he thinks it is. War has obviously effected him deeply and we can see from his language throughout the poem that he feels very strongly about it. The poem ‘The Drum’ was written by John Scott, who was a Quaker. The significance of this is that according to Quaker beliefs, he was a pacifist and so was completely against war and violence. His poem concentrates on the famous recruitment drum which called people to was. He opens the poem directly by saying, ‘I hate that drum’s discordant sound,’. We immediately know what Scott’s feelings about war are – he hates it. Even the rhythm is drum-like, as seen in the repetition of the word ’round’. This has a hypnotic effect, just like the drum was to knew recruits. Scott is bitter about the drum and criticises its ability to hypnotise young men, as seen in the phrase, ‘To thoughtless youth it pleasure yields.’ The poet is saying that the drum almost takes advantage of the young men. The next two lines, ‘To sell their liberty for charms Of tawdry lace, and glittering arms.’ are suggesting that was takes your freedom for something material and worthless, the uniform and the weapons. The poet’s thoughts here are that was may seem exciting and a chance to be a hero but it is really taking your freedom and life. Scott uses the words ‘tawdry’, ‘charms’, and ‘glittering’ to create an image of honour and glory. In the following line, Scott makes the word ‘Ambition’ seem like a person – this is a good example of personification. He is stressing the fact that ‘Ambition’, or the war officers, only have to give one order to send you to your death. The final line of stanza one, ‘To march, and fight, and fall in foreign lands.’ is used by the poet to tell us that in war, you are always matching to die. Stanza two begins with the same two lines as stanza one, with the hypnotic repetition of the word ’round’. The poet now puts his personal feelings into the poem by saying ‘To me it speaks’. He uses powerful imagery, as seen in the words ‘ravaged’, ‘burning’ and ‘ruined’, to create a scene of destruction and death. Also, words such as ‘mangled’ and ‘dying’ provoke horror and terror in the reader’s mind. The following line, ‘And widow’s tears and orphan’s moans.’ is depressing and it shows the aftermath of war – the families ruined. The final two lines, ‘And all that Misery’s hand bestows, To fill the catalogue of human woes.’ are summing up Scott’s view on war, it is terrible, destructive, pointless and terrifying. Again, he uses personification and makes ‘Misery’ seem like a person. The form in which ‘The Drum’ is set out is quite effective – the first stanza is about the recruitment of men and the pointlessness of war and the second is about the aftermath and the death. The rhyming scheme ‘abab’ is used throughout the poem and it is drum-like in sound, which is very fitting to the subject of the poem. In summary, ‘The Drum’ shows John Scott’s hatred of war. Being a pacifist, he obviously did not fight in any wars but he knew enough about them to know of the destruction and death which came with them. He has written the poem to express his views on war and also to try and dissuade people from going to them. ‘Drummer Hodge’ was written by Thomas Hardy after he read about a local drummer boy who had been killed at war. He thought how sad it was that a young boy, who didn’t know the horror of war, should be buried in an alien landscape so far from home. The boy died in the Boer War (1899-1902), which took place in South Africa. The poem has a very pessimistic, sad tone. The first stanza is about how the young boy is buried. The phrases ‘they throw’ and ‘uncoffined’ suggest to us that no thought was put into his burial and he had no proper funeral. He wasn’t even given the luxury of a wooden box, he was just thrown into a hole. Hardy emphasises the fact that he is miles away from home with the phrase ‘foreign constellations.’ The reader feels sorry for the poor boy, buried away from everything familiar to him.

Explain the Sequence and Rate of Each Aspect of Development Essay

Holistic development: The first month Physical development The gross motor skills that the baby of 0-1 month old will develop is that the baby lies supine (on his or her back) and the fine motor skills will be the baby turns his or her head towards the light and stares at bright or shiny objects. Communication and language development Babies need to respond to sounds, especially familiar voices. And babies need to share language experiences and cooperate with others from birth onwards. From the start babies need other people. Intellectual development Babies explore through their senses and through their own activity and movement. Touch From the beginning babies feel pain. Sound Even a new born baby will turn to a sound. The baby might become still and listen to a low sound, or quicken his or her movements when he or she hears a high sound. Taste The baby likes sweet tastes, e. g. breast milk. Smell The baby turns to the smell of the breast. Sight The baby can focus on objects 20cm away. Emotional and social development A baby’s first smile in definite response to carer is usually around 3-6 weeks. Also the baby often imitates certain facial expressions. This is showing that the baby is starting to develop being able to respond to different things. Holistic development: from one to four months Physical development Some of the gross motor skills that the babies develop from four to eight weeks are: the baby can now turn from side to back, and can also lift its head briefly from the prone position. Some of the fine motor skills that the babies develop from four to eight weeks are; the baby turns its head towards the light and stares at bright or shiny objects. Some of the gross motor skills the baby develops form eight to twelve weeks are; when lying supine, the baby’s head is in a central position and it can also lift its head and chest off a bed in prone position, supported on forearms. Some of the fine motor skills the baby develops from eight to twelve weeks are; the baby moves his or her head to follow adult movements and the baby watches his or her hands and plays with his or her fingers. Communication and language development From four to eight weeks the baby recognises the carer and familiar objects, makes non-crying noises such as cooing and gargling and then moves on to often sucking or licking its lips when he or she hears the sound of food in preparation. From eight to twelve weeks the baby is still distressed by sudden loud noises and often sucks or licks its lips when he or she hears the sound of food in preparation. Intellectual development The baby recognises differing speech sounds and by three months the baby can even imitate low or high pitched sounds. Emotional and social development The baby will smile in response to an adult and the baby enjoys sucking. Then the baby shows enjoyment at caring routines such as bath time. Holistic development from four to six months Physical development Some of the gross motor skills; the baby is beginning to use a palmar grasp and can transfer objects from hand to hand. It is very interested in all activity and everything is taken to the mouth. Some of the fine motor skills; the baby now has good head control and is beginning to sit with support. It can roll over from back to side and is beginning to reach for objects. And when supine the baby plays with his or her own feet. Communication and language development The baby becomes more aware of others so he or she communicates more and more. As the baby listens, he or she imitates sounds he or she can her and reacts to the tone of someone’s voice. For example, the baby might become upset by an angry tone, or cheered by a happy tone. Intellectual development By four months the baby reaches for objects, which suggest they recognise and judge the distance in relation to the size of the object. The baby prefers complicated things to look at from five to six months and enjoys bright colours. The baby also knows that he or she has one mother. The baby is disturbed if he or she is shown several images of his or her mother at the same time. The baby realises that people are permanent before they realise that objects are. Emotional and social development The baby shows trust and security and has recognisable sleep patterns. Holistic development from six to nine months Some of the gross motor skills; the baby can roll from front to back. He or she may attempt to crawl but will often end up sliding backwards. Also the baby may grasp their feet and place them in his or her mouth. Some of the fine motor skills; the baby is very alert to people and objects. The baby is beginning to use a pincer grasp with thumb and finger, and can transfer toys from one hand to the other and looks for fallen objects. Communication and language development Babble becomes tuneful, like the lilt of the language the baby can hear. They become to understand words like ‘up’ and ‘down’, raising their arms to be lifted up and using appropriate gestures. The baby may also be able to repeat sounds. Intellectual development The baby understands signs, e. g. the bib means that food is coming. From eight to nine months the baby shows that he or she knows objects exist when they have gone out of sight, even under test conditions. This is called the concept of object constancy, or the object permanence test (Piaget). The baby is also fascinated by the way objects move. Emotional and social development The baby can manage to feed him- or herself using his or her fingers. They are now more wary of strangers, sometimes showing stranger fear. For example if a stranger comes close to the baby and it moves away towards another person, this shows that the baby is fearful of strangers and gains security from the person it moves to. Also the baby might show distress when his or her mother leaves. For example if the mother leaves the room and the baby starts crying, then this shows that the baby feels insecure when the mother is out of sight. Holistic development from nine to twelve months Physical development Gross motor skills; the baby will now be mobile- may be crawling, bear-walking, bottom shuffling or even walking. The baby can sit up on his or her own and lean forward to pick things up. Also the baby may crawl upstairs and onto low items of furniture and may even bounce in rhythm to music. Fine motor skills; the baby’s pincer grasp is now well developed and he or she can pick things up and pull them towards him or her. The baby can poke with one finger and will point to desired objects. They can also clasp hands and imitate adults’ actions. Communication and language development The baby can follow simple instructions e. g. kiss teddy. Word approximations appear e. g. ‘hee haw’ to indicate a donkey, or more typically ‘mumma’, ‘dadda’ and ‘bye-bye’ in English speaking contexts. Also the tuneful babble develops into ‘jargon’ and the baby makes his or her voice go up and down just as people do when they talk to each other. Intellectual development The baby is beginning to develop images. Memory develops and the baby and remember the past. The baby can anticipate the future. This give it some understanding of routine daily sequences, e. g. after a feed, changing, and a sleep with teddy. Also the baby imitates actions, sounds, gestures and moods after an event is finished, e. g. imitate a temper tantrum he or she saw a friend have the previous day, wave bye-bye remembering Grandma has gone to the shops. Emotional and social development The baby enjoys songs and action rhymes, still likes to be near to a familiar adult but will also play alone for long periods of time. Spiritual aspects of a baby’s development Even a tiny baby experiences a sense of self, and values people who are loved by them. Spiritually is about the developing sense of relationship with self, relating to others ethically, morally and humanly and a relationship with the universe. The baby can drink from a cup with help, and shows definite likes and dislikes at mealtimes and bedtimes. Also the baby will start to cooperate when being dressed and likes to look at him- or herself in a mirror (plastic safety mirror). Holistic development from one to two years Physical development Gross motor skills (15 months); the baby probably walks alone now, with feet wide apart and arms raised to maintain balance. He or she is likely to fall over and often sit down suddenly. The baby can also probably manage stairs and steps, but will need supervision. Gross motor skills (18 months); the child walks confidently and is able to stop without falling. The child can also kneel, squat, climb and carry things around with him or her. Fine motor skills (15months); the baby can build with a few bricks and arrange toys on the floor, can hold a crayon in palmar grasp and turns several pages of a book at once, and can also point to a desired object. Fine motor skills (18 months); the child can thread large beads, build a tower of several cubes and uses a pincer grasp to pick up small objects. Communication and language development The child begins to talk with words or sign language, and by 18 months, the child enjoys trying to sing as well as to listen to songs and rhymes. Action songs (e. g. ‘pat-a-cake’) are much loved. Intellectual development The child understands the names of objects and can follow simple instructions, the child also learns about other things through trial and error. Emotional and social development The child begins to have a longer memory and develops a sense of identity (I am me). Also the child expresses his or her needs in words and gestures and enjoys being able to walk, and is eager to try to get dressed – ‘Me do it! ’ Holistic development from two to three years Physical development Gross motor skills; the child is very mobile, can run safely and can climb up onto furniture. The child can walk up and downstairs, usually two feet to a step. The child then moves on to being able to jump from a low step, walk backwards and sideways and can stand and walk on his or her tiptoes and stand on one foot. In my workplace all of the children this age are able to do all of these things. But the girls are all more developed than the boys. For example, with have a boy that is three years of age, and a girl that’s the same. The girl is able to write her name, speak fluently, help other children who aren’t as well developed as her and she even tells me when someone is doing something wrong. Whereas the boy can hardly speak yet, and when he does no one can understand what he’s saying. Michael Gurian, a noted educator and author, has shown through research that â€Å"hard-wiring and socialized gender differences affect how boys and girls learn. † Simply put, male and female brains are equal but different. â€Å"Boys use the right hemisphere more, and girls the left,† (Gurian, M. 2007) Fine motor skills; the child can draw circles, lines and dots using preferred hand. The child can pick up tiny objects using a fine pincer grasp. The child then moves on to being able to build tall towers of bricks or blocks and can control a pencil using thumb and first two fingers (a dynamic tripod grasp).

Trinity Washington University Admissions Data

Trinity Washington University Admissions Data Trinity Washington University Description: Located on a wooded campus in northeastern Washington D.C., Trinity Washington University is a private university affiliated with the Catholic Church. Founded as a school for women in 1897, Trinity has gone through many changes in its long history. Today the undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences remains a womens college, but the university also has a coeducational School of Professional Studies for adults who wish to advance their careers, and a School of Education with several graduate programs for men and women. Trinity calls itself the most affordable private university in Washington, and the tuition is indeed much lower than many area schools including nearby Catholic University. In athletics, the Trinity Tigers compete in the NCAA Division III for seven womens sports. The schools enviable location is near many other colleges and universities. Admissions Data (2016): Trinity Washington University Acceptance Rate: 89%Trinity Washington University has test-optional admissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -SAT score comparison for D.C. collegesACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -ACT score comparison for D.C. colleges Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 2,068  (1,563  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 3% Male / 97% Female69% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $23,250Books: $1,040 (why so much?)Room and Board: $10,334Other Expenses: $2,140Total Cost: $36,764 Trinity Washington University Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 99%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 99%Loans: 74%Average Amount of AidGrants: $15,016Loans: $5,800 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Communication, Criminal Justice, Human Relations, Psychology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 66%Transfer Out Rate: 13%4-Year Graduation Rate: 12%6-Year Graduation Rate: 40% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Womens Sports:  Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Basketball, Volleyball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Trinity Washington University, You May Also Like These Schools: George Washington University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMarymount University: Profile  Howard University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDelaware State University: Profile  Virginia State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorfolk State University: Profile  Salisbury University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCoppin State University: Profile  American University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBowie State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Trinity Washington University Mission Statement: read the complete mission statement at  trinitydc.edu/mission/ Trinity is a comprehensive institution offering a broad range of educational programs that prepare students across the lifespan for the intellectual, ethical and spiritual dimensions of contemporary work, civic and family life.

Byzantine Civilization of the Middle Ages

Byzantine Civilization of the Middle Ages In the fifth century AD, the mighty Roman Empire fell to invading barbarians and complex internal pressures. The land that had been centrally governed for centuries disintegrated into numerous warring states. The safety and privileges enjoyed by some residents of the empire vanished to be replaced by a constant state of danger and uncertainty; others merely traded one set of daily terrors for another. Europe was plunged into what Renaissance scholars would label a dark age. Yet Byzantium remained. The Empire of Byzantium was the eastern portion of the Roman Empire, which was divided in 395 A.D. Its capital of Constantinople, located on a peninsula, was naturally secure from invasion on three sides, and its fourth side was fortified with a network of three walls that withstood direct attack for over a thousand years. Its stable economy provided a strong military and, together with an abundant food supply and advanced civil engineering, a high standard of living. Christianity was firmly entrenched in Byzantium, and literacy was more widespread there than in any other nation in the middle ages. Although the predominant language was Greek, Latin was also fairly common, and at one point all seventy-two of the worlds known languages were represented in Constantinople. Intellectual and artistic endeavors thrived. This is not to say that the Byzantine Empire was an oasis of peace in the desert of the perilous middle ages. On the contrary, its long history is marked by numerous wars and remarkable internal strife. Its official borders expanded and shrank several times as its rulers attempted to restore the empire to its former glory or fought off invaders (or occasionally attempted both simultaneously). The penal system was so harsh as to be viewed by western crusaders no strangers to mutilation and other extreme measures in their own systems of justice as exceedingly cruel. Nevertheless, Byzantium remained the most stable nation of the middle ages. Its central location between western Europe and Asia not only enriched its economy and its culture but allowed it to serve as a barrier against aggressive barbarians from both areas. Its rich historiographical tradition (strongly influenced by the church) preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid art, architecture, literature and technological achievements were built. It is not an altogether unfounded assumption that the Renaissance could not have flourished were it not for the groundwork laid in Byzantium. The exploration of Byzantine civilization is undeniably significant in the study of medieval world history. To ignore it would be akin to studying the classical era without considering the cultural phenomenon of ancient Greece. Unfortunately, much (but thankfully not all) historical investigation into the middle ages has done just that. Historians and students often focused on the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the numerous changes in Europe without ever once glancing at Byzantium. It was often mistakenly believed that the Byzantine Empire was a static state that had little impact on the rest of the medieval world. Fortunately, this view is changing, and a great wealth of information concerning Byzantine Studies has recently been produced much of it available on the net. Selective Byzantine TimelineHighlights from the dynastic history of the Eastern Roman Empire. Byzantine Studies IndexA multilevel directory of useful sites about the people, places, art, architecture, religious history, military history and general history of the Eastern Roman Empire. Also includes maps and useful resources for the professional. Suggested ReadingUseful and informative books about the Eastern Roman Empire, from general histories to biographies, art, militaria, and other fascinating topics. The Forgotten Empire is copyright  © 1997 by Melissa Snell and licensed to About.com. Permission is granted to reproduce this article for personal or classroom use only, provided that the URL is included. For reprint permission, please contact Melissa Snell.

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Hamlet - Essay Example relationship between siblings is often an indication of the general condition of love and cohesiveness in the family, which is desirable for harmonious living. Inasmuch as effective sibling relationship is encouraged in the family, there are special incidents where it has developed to incest, where siblings engage in sexual relations. Sometimes the father can have an incest relationship with his daughters and boys or the mother engages in an incest relationship with the sons and so forth (Sanni 143). Universally, incest relationship is often regarded as a taboo, yet a lot of arguments over this perspective have increasingly been emerging. This research explores the concept of incest and incestuous desire, examining at how it has become prevalent in the contemporary society. In facilitating this research, emphasis was placed in the quantitative methodologies, which included an examination of the journals and other research works that have been done on the same concept. This also included a number of books and published sources that have been authored on the evolving nature of human relationship. Additionally, some qualitative methods like interviewing were also done among respondents that have experienced this kind of relationships. Community social workers were also engaged in focus group discussions in trying to find out some of the perspectives that have been held by some people concerning this topic. The need for focus group discussion was thought as very effective in that it helped answer some of the crucial questions that many people have continued to hold on the prevalence e of this relationship, inasmuch as it has traditionally been regarded as a taboo. Resource persons, who included community and opinion leaders were also of great help towards understanding the community and cultural perspectives on incest. For a long time, the idea of incest and incestuous relationships has been understood from the traditional, modernist, as well as liner perspective.

Television Habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Television Habits - Essay Example There are some advantages to allowing children to view television programming. Educational programming like Barney, Sesame Street, and Dora the Explorer are designed to promote growth and learning. Educational programming teaches valuable skills like spelling, reading, and math. Some programming teaches values, life lessons, and proper dietary habits. Commercials are beginning to educate children about the negative effects of drugs, alcohol and smoking encouraging families to spend time together. When viewed properly, television can be a strong educational tool and a means for families to spend some quality time with each other. Television viewing should lead to discussions to reinforce learning and to answer questions about the content of the program which was confusing or unclear. Although there are some advantages to allowing children to watch television, there are many more advantages to limiting television. Limiting television can create more time for family gathering and activities. Interaction with family provides opportunity for children to imitate and learn values and skills from parents. Children who are encouraged to play instead of watching television benefit from exercise and social interaction with adults and children and this helps develop appropriate social skills and healthy children. Television is not interactive and can only teach through devices like repetition and music, which does not reinforce learning. Teaching a child without the use of television or as a secondary educational source can provide reinforced learning. Hands-on activities and social interaction on topics related to the television learning will ensure that the children have learned necessary skills. Many television programs teach violence and sex while smoking, alcohol, or drugs are often depicted as fun party activities or cool to do with friends. Watching television for lengthy periods often leads to an inactive lifestyle creating obesity among children. Children become less responsive to surroundings when set in front of the television and attention spans become shorter. Watching educational programs can promote learning and if parents watch with children learning can be reinforced and questions can be answered. Viewing appropriate programming with children offers time for family and a better understanding of television content; however, lengthy viewing times are harmful for both parents and children. Television viewing can lead to long periods of inactivity and the lack of exercise can lead to obesity. Childhood obesity can lead to a negative impact on necessary social skills. "The most widespread consequences of childhood obesity are psychosocial. Obese children become targ ets of early and systematic discrimination and as they mature, the effects of discrimination become more culture-bound and insidious (Dietz, 1998, 518)." Childhood obesity can also lead to adulthood disease like diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. The advantages of limiting children's television viewing habits outweigh the advantages of increasing viewing habits toward educational programming. Quality family time away from the television should be reason enough to turn off the television. Healthy children who eat right and exercise will create a healthier and happier society. Children

Please detail the five-year plan for your career, including the jobs Essay

Please detail the five-year plan for your career, including the jobs you would like to have, how you would leverage your education, and how you would otherwise - Essay Example My background has given me adequate tools to grasp the fundamentals of international business, but I am strong believer that learning must never stop. Hence, in the first two years after completing my MBA, I fully intend to apply in a corporation where I will be exposed to the challenges of surviving in a global environment, and more importantly, learn to overcome those challenges. The goal, after all, is to thrive and not merely to survive. With my educational background and my work experiences, I see myself rising up the corporate ladder and finding myself in a position where I will be required to make judgment calls, and where I have discretion over business policies and strategies. After having â€Å"learned from the masters† so to speak, I intend to set up my own Korean trade company, marketing Korean raw materials or products to global markets. I believe that a company is only as good as its product and its people, so I intend to make sure that I have a viable product and a team of efficient, talented and committed individuals as passionate about global trade as I am, to manufacture and market those products under my leadership. A business is not merely about numbers and profits, it is also about human resource and I am intent on harnessing the best human resources available and making sure that my employees are amply rewarded, not only in the form of a competitive income package but also in terms of training and skills development. I am also committed to the concept of corporate responsibility, and I believe in setting up an international company that has a conscience and is aware of the role it plays in society. I believe in raising the bar when it comes to environmental-conscious practices, or labor practices, for instance. Lastly, as a way of giving back, my five-year-plan includes teaching young minds, and guiding those who want to embark on a similar journey. I have a

Influences of Culture on Accounting Standards

Influences of Culture on Accounting Standards The impact of culture on the social institutions like accounting cannot be underestimated. Before the increase in immigration and cross-border businesses, culture has been in the domain of anthropology and archaeology. This work considers whether culture affect unified global accounting practices and whether an understanding of cultural role in accounting can help to understand international accounting standards. These prove will be made evidence using the Anglo-American and Euro-Continental accounting models (Canada and France) as case study. Although there are other factors (historical, economic, and institutional, legal system, the tax laws etc) that can affect accounting harmonization, culture is a major obstacle. SOME DEFINITIONS OF CULTURE There is no commonly accepted definition of culture. Violet (1983a) sees culture as a system that encompasses and determines the evolution of social institutions and social phenomena. Perera (1989) regarded culture as an expression of norms, values and customs that reflect typical behavioral characteristics within a defined social grouping. Kuper 1999, (cited in Baskerville, p.2) simply defines it as a matter of ideas and values, a collective cast of mind. Hofstede 1997 defined culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.He sees cultural differences at four different levels symbols, heroes, rituals, and values. From the definitions, it shows that culture is shared among individuals belonging to a group or society, formed over a relatively long period and relatively stable. In accounting context Askary, Saeed (p.2) defined culture as those environmental factors that strongly impact national accounting systems a likely causal factor of different national accounting practices in accord with differing national cultures. CULTURAL STUDIES It is a near impossibility to discuss culture without mentioning Hofstede. He conducted the most comprehensive study of how workplace values are influenced by culture from 1967 to 1973, while working at IBM as a psychologist. He analyzed data from over 100,000 individuals from 40 countries. In 1980 he identified four distinct contrasting sets of dimensions of culture which has enjoyed considerable attention. They are: (1) Power distance, showing measure of interpersonal power between people, (2) Individualism versus collectivism showing measure of personal autonomy between individuals and collectives, (3) uncertainty avoidance showing anxiety level of society members towards the future and (4) Masculinity-allocation of roles between sexes. In 2007, he added a fifth dimension that is not too relevant for our study which is Long-Term Orientation LTO; which is associated with perseverance. His study was seen as a catalyst in international accounting research which later accounting rese archers like Gray 1988, Perera 1989, Wuthnow 1994 adopted into accounting context. According to Sudarwan and Fogarty (1996, p.2), his work has been cited in 583studies from 1981-1992 and this justifies its use in accounting research. Gray (1988) developed significant accounting hypotheses using cultural values as developed by Hofstede to establish relationship to accounting values. He addressed cultural influence on accounting of different countries from the distinct societal values perspective. He identified the possibility of significantly relating accounting values, at the level of the accounting subculture, to societal values, by giving the following accounting values for consideration; (1) Professionalism; meaning preference on individual professional judgment and self regulation as opposed to prescriptive legal requirements and statutory control. It linked Hofstedes high individualism, weak uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, given the concept of assertiveness, and small power distance. (2) Uniformity; He shows preference for uniform accounting practices between companies as against flexibility of unique circumstance of a company. It reflects societies with high uncertainty-avoidance and large power-distance indexes of Hofstede. (3) Conservatism: Here there is preference for caution to measurement, as it helps one to cope with future uncertainty. It contrasts with a more optimistic, risk taking approach. This links high uncertainty-avoidance, individualism, and masculinity dimensions by Hofstede. (4) Secrecy; Here information is shared amongst the close managers and financiers as against more open, transparent, publicly accountable approach. This is associated with societies that have strong uncertainty-avoidance and power-distance dimensions. Chua 1988 (cited in Askary p.5) like Gray said that Values and beliefs play a fundamental role in the constitution of accounting knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.therefore, culture and accounting are inextricably linked. Perera 1989 (cited by Askary p.6) sees two associated ways of analyzing the cultural influences on accounting practices: determining a set of specific societal values/cultural factors likely to be directly linked with accounting practice and verification of any association between societal values and specific accounting practices. To him accounting practices/systems of different countries are influenced by their cultural values that, in turn, shape their accounting practices. Applicability of Hofstedes framework has been questioned in accounting context. Critics see his cultural dimension in accounting research as causing misleading dependence on cultural indices. Gernon and Wallace 1995 (cited in Ding Y., Jeanjean T., Stolowy H.p.9) described his cultural studies in international accounting research as trapped by a paradigm myopia by its reliance on the framework suggested by Hofstede partly because his survey was of one organization therefore do not provide reliable information on the cultural values of an entire nation. Baskerville 2003(cited in Ding Y., Jeanjean T., Stolowy H.p.9) also criticizes him for equating culture with nation. From the Encyclopedia of World Cultures OLeary Levinson, 1991 (cited in Baskerville 2002) identified that in the Middle East the Human Relations Area Files identify 35 different cultures in 14 nations. Grays indices are also criticized. Willett et al. 1997 (cited in Chanchani Willett, 2004)while criticizing Gray identifies culture as most clearly affecting those parts of the accounting environment that are essentially social and also stated that culture influences disclosure practices more than measurement practices. Despite these criticisms, the models have some uses. According to Ding et al. (2005), Hofstedes model, though strongly criticized, is still widely used because of its extensive international coverage, and robust results have been generated. His result is still used to explain national diversities in accounting though the research sample was designed and selected to avoid diversity. Chanchani Willett (2004) noted that Grays theory continues to be referred to in on-going research, and a number of recent studies have related accounting judgement on various matters to cultural influences. Hofstede/Grays analysis have attempted to understand the differences in national accounting standards from cultural background view-point, and has been useful in establishing a link between accounting and cultures. Analyses here further buttress the argument that culture plays a major role in shaping a countrys accounting standards. CULTURAL INFLUENCE AND ACCOUNTING HARMONIZATION Cultural influence in accounting environments has been a subject in accounting research and has been examined by many scholars: (Violet (1983), Belkaoui (1990, 1996 1997), and Doupnik and Salter (1995); Harrison and Mckinnon (1986), Belkaoui; and Culture and international accounting systems by Gray (1988), Perera (1989)and Fechner and Kilgore (1994) (all cited by Askary pp.2-3). They mostly established a prime facie case that culture influences accounting practices. Accordingly, Perera 1989 (cited by Askary p.2) sees each accounting system as a product of its specific environment. Mueller, Gernon and Meek 1994 (cited by Askary p.2) also noted, Accounting is shaped by the environment in which it operates. Even in reporting practice, Radebaugh and Gray (1997) through a comparative study concluded that each country reporting practice is influenced by culture despite existence of standard. Jaggi 1975 (cited by Askary p.3) appreciated that the cultural environment was an independent variable that could influence financial disclosure practices in response to value orientations. Violet 1983a (cited by Askary p.3) perceived accounting as a product . . . of its culture. Gambling and Abdel-Karim 1986 (cited by Askary p.3) reasoned that: . . . accounting theory is part of the personality and hence part of the culture. If the  individuals are Muslims, their personalities are Islamic and their culture is Islamic. Therefore, their accounting theory is Islamic. From the foregoing, one can conveniently say that accounting theory and practices is a product of individuals who are influenced by their beliefs. Some cultural factors that influence accounting include language, religion, morals, values, attitudes, law, education, politics, social organization and technology. The question now is how do culture influence accounting? One cannot underestimate the power of culture. Beliefs most times guide what you do and accounting is not an exception. Moral judgment, value system, attitude towards anything, legal system, Religion or even educational background are powerful forces underlying behaviours. It is therefore not questionable that the above factors shapes accounting value, therefore impacts the accounting environment internationally. A good example is Islamic culture that does not encourage borrowing as against western culture that is anchored on borrowing. This cultural influence has proved to have made accounting harmonization difficult. A major harmonization attempt is the setting up of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), under the oversight of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) through an agreement made by professional accountancy bodies from developed countries. Its objective is to develop a set of global accounting standards that require high quality, transparency, and comparability of financial statements of different countries (iasplus 2007). But its efforts have been frustrated by constraints like culture, education, taxation, political climate, and economic development of many countries. Comparison of Canada and France accounting models Hofstedes cultural dimensions as applied in accounting by Gray (1988) will be used to classify Canada and France. Canada and France utilize different accounting systems and operate within socio-economic environments which have many distinguishing features that may influence accounting. Canada has Anglo-American accounting and auditing tradition therefore flexibility and professionalism prevails. Her system and values safeguards shareholder interests. In contrast, French accounting system as in most Continental European countries relies upon the Plan Comptable and codified rules that satisfy stakeholders information needs and it is characterized by values of uniformity and statutory control (Gray, 1988). Canada and France accepted International Accounting Standards (IAS, called International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS) since 2001 but Gray and Street 2001(cited by Othman H. B and Zeghal. D 2006) still find differences between them in terms of IAS/IFRS implementation. Leuz, and Wysocki 2000 (cited by Othman H. B and Zeghal D. 2006) argue that it is because IASC standards possess no enforcement rules and rely on local auditors and country-specific legal remedies to enforce standards. Applying Grays four accounting values as discussed above, Canada is viewed to have higher professionalism, flexibility, optimism and transparency which have shaped the finance mode and shareholder corporate-governance model. There is also lack of interaction between financial reporting because of its high individualism, low uncertainty-avoidance and power-distance index. France has higher statutory control, uniformity, conservatism, and high uncertainty avoidance which in contrast show strong government influence in accounting regulation. France has a stakeholder corporate-governance model, which is dominated by banks, government, or families. Canada has a common-law accounting system which includes the accounting standards used to prepare financial information. The provincial and federal law left the regulation of accounting standards to the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA). There is no uniform plan of accounts; rather standards evolve by becoming commonly accepted in practice, but with a considerable degree of uniformity which the CICA regulates. Accordingly, accounting and tax rules are kept separate. Financial reports are drawn up according to accounting standards. In France, Plan comptable general which Governmental imposed on accounting have strongly influenced accounting practices (Perera, 1989). This Accounting Plan is typically prescriptive, detailed, and procedural. Financial accounting is very much a public-sector activity, administered by governmental (or quasi-governmental) bodies. CONCLUSION This essay has looked at how culture influences the accounting standards and sees that culture indeed shapes the accounting standards of any particular country. Many countries place great emphasis on their own accounting standards, because of the societal values and norms on which these standards have been designed. The definition of culture and how it affects national/international accounting standards were provided, citing the analyses of Hofstede and Gray. Our analyses using Canada and France as sample countries establish the much ignored link between culture and accounting. The essay also looked at international accounting harmonization efforts of the IASB, and how culture has affected its goals. Although there are other factors affecting national accounting standards, culture indeed plays a pivotal role in determining national accounting standards. With the analyses, it is hoped that culture and accounting will be considered side-by-side when decisions are being made globally.